What is Automated external defibrillator AED: Uses, Safety, Operation, and top Manufacturers!

Introduction

Automated external defibrillator AED is a portable medical device designed to analyze a person’s heart rhythm during a suspected sudden cardiac arrest and, when appropriate, guide the user to deliver a defibrillation shock. In many models it also provides step-by-step voice and visual prompts, CPR timing cues, and event recording to support a standardized emergency response.

Early defibrillation is one of the few time-critical interventions that can directly reverse certain lethal rhythms. In practical terms, an AED program is built around the idea that the first minutes matter: if a shockable rhythm is present, rapid shock delivery (combined with immediate, high-quality CPR) can significantly improve outcomes compared with waiting for advanced equipment or specialist responders. This is why AED placement is often discussed as part of a broader “chain of response” that includes recognition, calling for help, CPR, defibrillation, and organized post-event care.

For hospitals, clinics, ambulatory sites, and non-acute facilities (administrative buildings, outpatient centers, rehabilitation units, dialysis centers, imaging sites, and public-access areas on campus), Automated external defibrillator AED is both a clinical device and an operational readiness asset. Administrators and biomedical teams typically own the “system” around the device: placement strategy, upkeep, documentation, training, consumables, and post-event review.

In addition to being a clinical tool, an AED is often a compliance and risk-management topic. Facilities may need to demonstrate inspection logs, staff readiness, and traceability of consumables (pads and batteries) to satisfy internal governance, accreditation requirements, insurer expectations, or local regulations. Some organizations also integrate AED readiness into business continuity planning, because a “missing or not-ready” AED can create an avoidable safety gap in high-footfall areas.

This article explains what Automated external defibrillator AED is, when it is used (and when it may not be suitable), what you need before deployment, basic operation, patient and staff safety practices, output interpretation, troubleshooting, infection control, and a practical global market overview for procurement and service planning. This is general information only; always follow local regulations, facility protocols, and manufacturer instructions for use.

What is Automated external defibrillator AED and why do we use it?

Automated external defibrillator AED is a defibrillator intended for rapid response to suspected cardiac arrest. Unlike a manual defibrillator (which requires the operator to interpret the rhythm and choose settings), an AED class device uses an internal algorithm to assess the rhythm through adhesive electrodes and then advises whether a shock is recommended.

From a clinical perspective, defibrillation is intended to stop certain abnormal electrical activity so that the heart’s normal rhythm may re-establish. From an operational perspective, the AED’s key advantage is that it brings a defibrillation decision-support workflow to users who may not routinely interpret ECG rhythms, allowing earlier action in the minutes before a resuscitation team arrives.

Core purpose

Detect a shockable rhythm (commonly ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia) using an automated rhythm analysis algorithm.
Deliver defibrillation energy through external electrode pads when the device determines a shock is appropriate.
Standardize early response by guiding users with clear prompts, timing cues, and safety checks.

Additional practical objectives that many AED programs target include:

Reduce delays caused by uncertainty (for example, hesitation about whether a rhythm is shockable).
Minimize interruptions in chest compressions by structuring rhythm checks and shock delivery into short, prompted cycles.
Create auditable event records that can support debriefing, training improvement, and governance review.

Typical components (varies by manufacturer)

Main unit with controls, speaker, and indicators (some include a screen/ECG display)
Adult electrode pads (single-use consumables)
Battery (disposable, rechargeable, or proprietary pack depending on model)
Pediatric pads or pediatric energy attenuation accessory (optional; varies by manufacturer)
Carry case and an accessory kit (e.g., gloves, scissors, razor, towel; contents vary by facility)

Depending on model and configuration, you may also encounter:

CPR feedback hardware (for example, an accelerometer puck or integrated pad sensor) to provide compression rate/depth prompts
Internal memory or removable media for event storage and ECG strips (implementation varies)
Connectivity modules (wired or wireless) used for fleet readiness monitoring and status reporting
Security accessories such as tamper seals, cabinet alarms, or device tracking labels for asset control
Training-only versions (non-shocking trainers) that mimic prompts for drills without clinical energy delivery

Common clinical and operational settings

Automated external defibrillator AED is used across multiple care environments because sudden cardiac arrest can occur anywhere:

Acute care areas: emergency departments, procedure rooms, perioperative areas, imaging suites, dialysis units, inpatient wards, lobbies
Ambulatory and outpatient sites: urgent care, specialty clinics, dental or endoscopy sites (depending on local regulations and facility scope)
Non-clinical but healthcare-adjacent areas: reception areas, cafeterias, parking structures, administrative buildings, sports/rehabilitation facilities

In some hospitals, AEDs are deployed for public access defibrillation in high-footfall areas, while manual defibrillators remain standard in critical care zones.

In large health systems, AED placement may also extend to:

Education and conference spaces (auditoriums, lecture theaters) where crowds gather
Staff wellness facilities (gyms) and rehabilitation zones with higher exertion
Satellite clinics and outreach locations where advanced response times may be longer
Non-patient areas with high visitor traffic (gift shops, food courts) where the first responder is more likely to be non-clinical

Key benefits for patient care and workflow

From a hospital equipment perspective, the value of Automated external defibrillator AED is not just clinical—it is also about reducing variability and improving readiness:

Speed and simplicity: prompts reduce hesitation and cognitive load, especially for non-specialist responders.
Standardization: consistent audio/visual instructions support standardized first-response behavior across shifts and departments.
Training scalability: AED programs can be taught broadly, allowing more staff to participate in early response.
Operational readiness: self-tests and readiness indicators (varies by manufacturer) can support routine checks and compliance documentation.
Quality improvement: event logs and CPR/defibrillation timestamps (if supported) can inform debriefing and resuscitation program governance.

From a procurement and operations viewpoint, there are additional benefits that often influence standardization decisions:

Faster onboarding across sites when device prompts and pad connectors are consistent network-wide
Simplified spare parts strategy (pads/batteries) when the number of models is minimized
Clearer post-event workflows because staff know exactly where to return the device, how to restock it, and how to report issues
Improved audit performance when inspection routines can be templated and automated through consistent device fleets

AED vs manual defibrillator vs “monitor/defibrillator” (quick comparison)

While naming conventions vary by country, facilities often choose among three broad categories. This comparison is general and feature sets vary by manufacturer.

Capability	Typical AED	Manual defibrillator	Monitor/defibrillator platform
Rhythm decision	Automated “shock/no shock” algorithm	Operator interprets rhythm	Operator interprets rhythm (often with more monitoring)
Energy selection	Usually fixed/automated	Operator selects joules	Operator selects joules (and other therapies)
User population	Broad (trained lay or basic responders)	Trained clinical/ALS users	Trained clinical/ALS users
ECG display	Sometimes	Often	Typically
Pacing/cardioversion	Usually not	Often available	Often available
Program goal	Early shock access everywhere	Advanced resuscitation in clinical areas	Full resuscitation and monitoring workflow

For hospitals, the common approach is a tiered model: AEDs for rapid access in public and general areas, and monitor/defibrillators in critical care and resuscitation teams where advanced features are required.

When should I use Automated external defibrillator AED (and when should I not)?

Automated external defibrillator AED is intended for use when a person is suspected to be in cardiac arrest, and the facility’s emergency response protocol calls for AED deployment. The exact triggers, roles, and escalation steps should follow your organization’s resuscitation policy and local resuscitation guidelines.

In practice, “when to use” is not only a clinical question but also a workflow question: who is authorized to apply pads, who is responsible for calling the code, and who is responsible for clearing bystanders and documenting actions. Facilities that explicitly define these roles often reduce confusion during the first minutes of a response.

Appropriate use cases (general)

Automated external defibrillator AED is commonly used when a person:

Is unresponsive and not breathing normally (as defined by local training and protocols)
Is in a situation where sudden cardiac arrest is suspected and immediate rhythm assessment/defibrillation may be beneficial
Requires a rapid first-response tool prior to arrival of a full resuscitation team or advanced life support equipment

It may also be used in controlled settings as part of drills, competency checks, and readiness assurance activities (with training pads/simulators as applicable).

Additional practical “trigger points” that many training programs emphasize include:

Abnormal breathing patterns that may look like gasping or occasional breaths (often treated as “not breathing normally” in training)
Uncertain collapse scenarios (for example, found down in a lobby) where the safest programmatic response is to bring the AED immediately while CPR assessment is performed
Delayed access to advanced responders (large campus, remote wing, elevator travel time), where early rhythm analysis can occur before the resuscitation team arrives

Situations where it may not be suitable

Automated external defibrillator AED is not a universal solution for every collapse. Examples of situations where it may be inappropriate or limited include:

Conscious or responsive patients: AED use is generally not intended if the patient is awake or following commands.
Non-cardiac causes of collapse: the device can only advise/perform shocks based on rhythm analysis; it does not treat underlying causes.
Shock not advised: if the AED indicates that a shock is not recommended, defibrillation should not be forced; follow your clinical protocol and continue appropriate resuscitation actions.
Environmental limitations: water immersion, flammable atmospheres, or other unsafe conditions may prevent safe operation.

Operationally, there are also “not suitable right now” situations driven by logistics rather than patient condition, such as:

The device cannot be accessed quickly (locked cabinet key missing, cabinet blocked by construction)
The unit fails readiness checks or prompts a system error on power-up and no backup is immediately available
Pad supply problems (missing, damaged, or expired pads) where the responder must switch to another AED/defibrillator per protocol

Safety cautions and contraindications (general, non-clinical)

Defibrillation is a controlled delivery of electrical energy and requires basic safety discipline. Common cautions include:

Do not use in standing water or when the patient’s chest is excessively wet; dry the chest per protocol before pad application.
Avoid flammable environments (e.g., combustible gases, certain high-concentration oxygen scenarios). Follow facility fire safety practices.
Ensure no one is touching the patient during rhythm analysis and shock delivery (“clear the patient”).
Pad placement considerations: avoid placing pads directly over obvious implanted device bulges or over transdermal medication patches; reposition following manufacturer guidance and local training.
Pediatric use: pediatric pads/modes and eligible patient size/age ranges vary by manufacturer and jurisdiction; use only approved accessories and follow labeling.
Electromagnetic and procedural restrictions: AEDs are generally not used in MRI environments and may have restrictions near strong electromagnetic sources; follow facility policies.

Additional cautions that often appear in facility policies include:

Respect for patient directives and local legal requirements: some systems have rules about Do Not Attempt Resuscitation orders or medical orders; responders should follow local policy and escalation processes.
Avoid pad placement on broken skin when possible: if the chest has wounds or significant skin injury, follow manufacturer diagrams and local clinical guidance to place pads to maximize adhesion and safety.
Metal surfaces and conductive contact: it is generally acceptable to defibrillate on many surfaces if “clear” discipline is maintained, but responders should avoid unnecessary contact with large conductive objects touching the patient during shock delivery.
Body jewelry and piercings: do not place pads directly over metal piercings if it can be avoided; follow training and device diagrams to reposition.

What do I need before starting?

High performance with Automated external defibrillator AED depends on readiness before the event. Administrators, biomedical engineers, and operations leaders typically manage this as a program: equipment, placement, training, checks, and documentation.

Well-designed AED programs treat “readiness” as measurable: Are devices reachable in time? Are they ready on power-up? Are pads and batteries in date? Can staff find the cabinet and open it quickly? Are there clear escalation steps when something is missing or out of service?

Required setup, environment, and accessories

A practical deployment typically includes:

Correct device placement: accessible, clearly marked, and aligned with response-time goals and risk assessment.
Secure but rapid access: wall cabinets (alarmed or non-alarmed), clear signage, and controlled access where needed.
Consumables and spares: in-date adult pads; pediatric pads if required; spare battery pack if your model and policy support it.
Accessory kit: gloves, scissors, razor, absorbent wipe/towel, and a barrier device for ventilation (contents vary by facility).
Environmental controls: storage temperature/humidity limits and protection from dust, water, or impact—varies by manufacturer.

For large facilities, include an asset map (device ID, location, department owner, and backup coverage) and a defined process for relocating devices temporarily during construction or events.

Program planners often add additional practical controls such as:

Placement rules tied to response-time targets: for example, ensuring an AED can be retrieved and applied within a defined number of minutes from any point in a zone
Wayfinding support: directional signage at decision points (elevators, corridor junctions) rather than only at the cabinet location
Cabinet selection aligned to environment: alarmed cabinets for public spaces, climate-controlled cabinets for hot/cold locations, and durable enclosures for industrial areas
Redundancy planning: coverage overlap so that if one AED is out of service or removed temporarily, another is still within reach
Accessibility considerations: mounting height, visibility, and access for staff and visitors with disabilities, consistent with local building and safety standards

Training and competency expectations

Training should be planned for the expected user population:

Clinical staff: often trained as part of basic life support and in-house code response.
Non-clinical staff: security, reception, facilities, transport, and event staff may be part of early response depending on your program design.
Competency model: onboarding, periodic refreshers, and scenario-based drills (including night/weekend staffing patterns).
Language and accessibility: ensure prompts, signage, and training support your workforce; device language configuration varies by manufacturer.

Automated external defibrillator AED programs are most reliable when training is matched to realistic workflows: who retrieves the device, who applies pads, who manages crowd control, and who documents the event.

To strengthen real-world performance, many organizations incorporate:

Short “micro-drills” (5–10 minutes) focused on cabinet access, pad application, and clear communication
Role-based checklists (compressor, AED operator, runner, scribe) to reduce task overload in mixed-skill teams
Confidence-building exposure for non-clinical staff that emphasizes safety steps, what to say to bystanders, and how to hand over to clinical teams
Competency documentation tied to staff rosters, so coverage does not drop during turnover, leave, or schedule changes

Pre-use checks and documentation

Routine checks reduce failure modes at the point of care:

Readiness indicator/self-test status: confirm the device shows “ready” (indicator type varies by manufacturer).
Battery status: verify charge/expiry and correct installation; document replacement intervals.
Pad expiry and packaging integrity: check expiration date, seal integrity, and connector condition.
Physical condition: inspect case, ports, buttons, screen (if present), and electrodes cable.
Accessory kit completeness: replace missing items quickly after drills or incidents.
Software/firmware and recall status: follow biomedical engineering processes for updates and recall management (varies by manufacturer and jurisdiction).
Documentation: maintain logs for inspections, corrective actions, and post-event restocking.

For procurement and governance, define a clear ownership model: who signs off checks, who holds spares, and who is accountable for out-of-service devices.

Facilities often formalize inspections into tiers, for example:

Visual checks (frequent): confirm cabinet access, readiness indicator, and the presence of pads and accessories.
Functional checks (scheduled): confirm power-on behavior, prompt clarity, battery capacity strategy, and that pad connectors and doors/lids function correctly.
After-event checks (mandatory): replace pads/batteries as needed, inspect for damage, confirm readiness, and complete event documentation before returning to service.

Where connectivity is used, some programs also document:

Remote “heartbeat” status messages (device ready/not ready) and battery/pad expiry alerts
Exceptions management (who receives alerts, how quickly they must respond, and how closures are recorded)

How do I use it correctly (basic operation)?

Automated external defibrillator AED operation is designed to be guided by the device, but consistent workflow and role clarity matter—especially in noisy, crowded, or high-stress environments. Always follow the device’s instructions for use and your facility’s emergency response policy.

One practical way to improve performance is to treat AED use as a team choreography: while one person manages the device and prompts, others manage compressions, airway/ventilation (if part of your protocol), crowd control, and documentation. This reduces the risk that the AED operator becomes overloaded and misses prompts.

Basic step-by-step workflow (typical)

Ensure the area is safe for rescuers and the patient (electrical hazards, water, traffic, oxygen risks, etc.).
Activate your facility emergency response (call code team, emergency number, security, or local EMS as applicable).
Start immediate resuscitation actions according to training and facility protocol while the Automated external defibrillator AED is brought to the patient.
Power on the AED (open lid or press the power button; varies by manufacturer).
Expose the chest and prepare the skin: dry moisture, manage excessive hair if needed, and remove items that interfere with pad adhesion per training.
Apply electrode pads to the bare chest exactly as shown on the pad diagrams; ensure firm adhesion and correct orientation.
Connect pads to the device if not pre-connected (varies by model).
Allow rhythm analysis: ensure no one touches the patient and minimize movement.
If shock is advised:
– Visually and verbally confirm everyone is clear.
– Deliver the shock (press shock button for semi-automatic devices, or stand clear for fully automatic shock delivery; varies by manufacturer and jurisdiction).
Resume protocol-directed actions immediately (commonly CPR), following the AED prompts and local guidelines.
Repeat analysis cycles as the device instructs until advanced care takes over or per facility protocol.
Handover: provide the clinical team with event timing, shocks delivered, and any device messages; keep pads in place if advised by your protocol.

Practical operational notes that often reduce delays:

Cut clothing rather than pulling when access is difficult; ensure the chest is fully exposed where pads will adhere.
Prioritize pad adhesion quality: wrinkles, hair, sweat, or lotion can reduce contact and trigger “check pads” prompts.
Keep pad cables managed: route cables to avoid tangles with CPR providers and to prevent pad lift-off during compressions.
Minimize pauses: rhythm analysis requires a brief “hands off” period; resume compressions immediately when the AED instructs.

Setup, calibration, and maintenance considerations

Most AEDs are designed to require no user calibration at the point of use. However, from a biomedical engineering and hospital equipment management perspective, planned activities may include:

Scheduled functional checks and verification procedures per manufacturer and local regulations
Battery conditioning or replacement schedules (especially for rechargeable systems)
Electrode pad stock rotation and temperature exposure monitoring
Software/firmware updates and configuration control (language prompts, CPR guidance features, date/time, connectivity)

The correct approach depends on model, regulatory requirements, and service contracts—varies by manufacturer.

In many organizations, additional lifecycle tasks are defined to prevent “hidden” failures:

Defibrillator analyzer testing (where required/allowed): verification of delivered energy, charging time, and waveform performance using appropriate test equipment and trained personnel
Connector and latch inspections: lids, hinges, pad connectors, and battery doors are frequent wear points in public-access deployments
Battery storage discipline: controlling storage temperature, tracking expiration/replace-by dates, and ensuring spare batteries are not mixed between models
Decommissioning rules: clear criteria for when devices are retired (end-of-life, unrepairable damage, discontinued consumables) and how they are replaced without leaving coverage gaps

Typical settings and what they generally mean (varies by manufacturer)

Many Automated external defibrillator AED models use pre-set parameters that the operator does not change during an event:

Adult vs pediatric mode/accessory: reduces delivered energy or changes algorithm behavior when pediatric pads/attenuator is used (implementation varies).
Shock energy selection: often fixed or escalated automatically; the user may not select joules on an AED.
CPR guidance features: metronome, compression depth/rate feedback, and prompts; availability varies by model.
Language/volume: some devices support multi-language prompts or adjustable volume for noisy environments.

For procurement teams, it is important to confirm which features are included as standard, which require paid options, and which are region-locked—this varies by manufacturer.

Other “settings-like” configuration items that can affect usability include:

Prompt style and CPR ratio configuration (where supported and permitted): some devices can be configured to match local guideline preferences, though many are fixed.
Audio escalation: some AEDs increase volume automatically in noisy environments or provide louder “clear” prompts.
Data capture configuration: whether audio is recorded, how long ECG is stored, and how downloads occur (device cable, dock, removable media).
Time/date accuracy: correct timestamps matter for event review; facilities often include clock checks as part of routine maintenance.

How do I keep the patient safe?

Safe operation of Automated external defibrillator AED depends on preparation, correct pad placement, disciplined “clear” checks, and adherence to protocols. Safety is both clinical and operational: the device should not be the only safeguard.

It is useful to think of AED safety as layered protection: the device prompts help, but the team’s behavior (clear leadership, reliable communication, and disciplined pad placement) is what prevents accidental shocks to responders, reduces pad-related skin injury, and avoids delays that compromise the resuscitation effort.

Safety practices during use

Key patient and responder safety practices include:

Strict “no contact” during analysis and shock: accidental contact can expose staff to current and can interfere with rhythm analysis.
Clear communication: a designated leader calls “clear” and visually confirms compliance before shock delivery.
Skin preparation for pad adhesion: poor adhesion increases impedance and may reduce effectiveness or increase skin injury risk.
Correct pad placement: follow diagrams; avoid pad overlap and ensure full contact with the skin.
Oxygen and fire risk controls: follow facility guidance to reduce ignition risk in oxygen-enriched environments.
Avoid conductive surfaces and water hazards: dry the patient and manage environmental risks according to training.

Additional patient-safety considerations commonly addressed in training include:

Avoiding pad repositioning loops: repeatedly lifting and re-sticking pads can weaken adhesive; if pad placement must be corrected and adhesion is compromised, replacing pads may be safer and faster than repeated adjustments.
Managing fragile skin: elderly or dermatologically fragile patients can be more prone to skin tears; careful pad removal after the event (when appropriate) can reduce injury.
Pad heat and skin effects: defibrillation and poor contact can cause localized heating; good adhesion and correct placement help reduce the risk of burns.

Monitoring and human factors

AED use often occurs in challenging conditions. Plan for:

Noise and crowding: prompts can be missed; assign a person to listen and repeat instructions.
Role allocation: one person manages chest compressions, one manages AED prompts/shock safety, one manages airway/ventilation (as per protocol), and one coordinates documentation/timekeeping.
Movement artifacts: analysis is sensitive to motion; minimize patient movement and vibration (e.g., stretcher rolling) during analysis.
Equipment clutter: manage cables to avoid tripping, dislodging pads, or interrupting analysis.

Human-factor planning can also include:

Cabinet access rehearsals: staff should know how to open alarms, break seals, and remove the AED quickly without fumbling.
Clear leadership assignment: when multiple staff arrive, ambiguity can cause duplicated tasks (two people trying to place pads) or missed tasks (no one calling the emergency number).
Bystander management: assigning someone to direct bystanders away from the patient reduces accidental contact during analysis/shock and creates space for responders.

Alarm handling and device prompts

Automated external defibrillator AED typically uses voice prompts rather than “alarms” in the traditional ICU sense, but it may alert for:

Poor pad contact
Motion detected/analysis interrupted
Low battery
System error

Treat prompts as a safety system: pause, correct the issue, and continue per protocol. Never override safety steps to “save time” in a way that increases risk to staff or the patient.

For training and governance, it is often helpful to catalog the most common prompts for your specific model and build “if you hear this, do that” quick-reference content. This is especially valuable in facilities with multiple AED types, where similar problems may be phrased differently by different manufacturers.

Follow facility protocols and manufacturer guidance

Use only approved consumables (pads, batteries) listed for the device model.
Follow facility policy for pediatric patients, implantable devices, and special environments.
Ensure post-event processes (restocking, download, inspection) are consistently followed to prevent the next event starting with depleted batteries or expired pads.

In addition, facilities that use connectivity features typically define:

Cybersecurity and access controls: who can access device data, who can change configuration, and how credentials are managed
Privacy controls: how event records are stored, shared, and retained in line with local laws and organizational policy

How do I interpret the output?

Automated external defibrillator AED provides decision-support outputs designed for rapid response. Interpretation should remain within the scope of training and your facility’s clinical governance. The device output is not a comprehensive diagnostic tool.

A useful mindset is to treat AED outputs as action prompts rather than detailed clinical interpretation. The highest-value information during a resuscitation is usually: shock advised vs not advised, timing prompts for CPR, and any warnings that would delay effective therapy (pad contact, motion, low battery).

Types of outputs/readings you may see

Depending on the model, outputs may include:

Voice prompts and text messages: step-by-step instructions, “shock advised” or “no shock advised,” CPR prompts, and safety warnings.
Status/readiness indicator: shows if the device passed self-tests and is ready (varies by manufacturer).
ECG waveform display: available on some AEDs or AED-capable defibrillators; may show a limited-lead tracing.
CPR quality feedback: compression rate prompts, metronome, depth guidance (feature availability varies).
Event record: timestamps, detected rhythms (device-class descriptions), shocks delivered, impedance measurements, and audio (varies by model).
Connectivity output: some systems support remote monitoring or post-event data transfer—implementation varies by manufacturer and local IT policy.

Some devices also provide:

Pad impedance/contact indicators that help responders troubleshoot adhesion issues quickly
Escalating prompt urgency if CPR pauses are prolonged or if analysis is repeatedly interrupted
Service indicators (during non-emergency use) that point to maintenance needs or component replacement

How clinicians typically interpret outputs (general)

“Shock advised” indicates the algorithm detected a rhythm pattern meeting its criteria for defibrillation. Clinicians treat this as an operational cue to deliver a shock safely and then continue protocol-directed resuscitation actions.
“No shock advised” indicates the device does not detect a shockable rhythm at that moment. Protocol-directed actions should continue; the AED will re-analyze on its timing cycle.
CPR prompts are used to keep compressions consistent and reduce pauses, particularly in mixed-skill teams.

For documentation and quality improvement, event logs are commonly reviewed to evaluate response time, interruptions, and adherence to protocol.

In facilities with resuscitation governance committees, AED event reviews may also examine:

Time from collapse recognition to AED attachment
Time to first shock when shockable rhythm is present
Hands-off time around analysis/shock
Prompt comprehension issues (for example, prompts too quiet in a loud environment) that may justify configuration changes or additional training

Common pitfalls and limitations

Motion artifact and poor contact: may lead to “analysis interrupted” or inaccurate rhythm assessment.
Algorithm boundaries: AED algorithms are designed for a narrow decision set (shock vs no shock) and may not address complex rhythms or paced rhythms in the same way across models—varies by manufacturer.
Not a monitoring substitute: an AED is not intended to replace continuous patient monitoring devices once advanced care is established.
Data availability varies: some devices store detailed ECG and timestamps; others provide limited summaries. Procurement teams should confirm what is accessible without proprietary software.

Other practical limitations include:

Prompt timing may differ by model: some AEDs enforce a defined CPR period before re-analysis; others allow earlier analysis depending on detected conditions. Staff should follow prompts rather than trying to “force” a different cycle.
Electrode pad incompatibility across models: even within the same brand family, pads may not be cross-compatible; mixing can lead to connection errors at the worst time.
Clock drift: if device clocks are not maintained, event timestamps may be misleading during debriefs; this is a maintenance governance issue rather than a clinical one.

What if something goes wrong?

Planning for failure modes is a core responsibility for biomedical engineering, safety officers, and operations leaders. Automated external defibrillator AED programs should assume that errors can occur: depleted batteries, expired pads, damage, missing accessories, or user confusion.

Because AEDs are intended for rare but high-stakes events, failures are often discovered only when the device is needed most. That is why inspection discipline, standardized restocking, and clear escalation pathways are as important as the device selection itself.

Troubleshooting checklist (practical and non-brand-specific)

Use this as a general checklist while following device prompts:

Device will not power on:
Confirm battery is installed correctly and is in-date/charged.
Try a spare battery if your program supports it.
Inspect for visible damage or fluid ingress; remove from service if compromised.
“Check pads” / poor pad contact message:
Ensure pads are firmly adhered to clean, dry skin.
Replace pads if adhesive is failing, packaging was compromised, or pads are expired.
Confirm the pad connector is fully seated (if applicable).
“Analysis interrupted” / motion detected:
Stop movement, ensure no one touches the patient, and pause chest compressions only as instructed for analysis.
Check for stretcher vibration, vehicle movement, or cable tugging.
Shock button not available / shock not delivered:
Follow prompts; the device may be charging or may have changed its decision after re-analysis.
Verify everyone is clear and pads are correctly connected.
Low battery warning during use:
Continue per prompts; if the device indicates imminent shutdown, switch to a backup unit if available and per protocol.
After the event, remove the device from service until battery replacement and functional checks are complete.
Error code/system fault message:
If the device indicates it cannot operate safely, switch to another unit immediately if available.
Tag the unit out of service and notify biomedical engineering.

Program-level issues that can “look like device failure” but are actually process failures include:

Cabinet found empty (device removed and not returned after an event or drill)
Pads missing from the case because they were used for training or removed during an inspection and not replaced
Battery removed for another device in mixed fleets (a common risk when batteries look similar but are not interchangeable)

When to stop use (general)

Stop using the device and switch to an alternate unit when:

The AED indicates a system error that prevents safe function.
There is smoke, overheating, cracking sounds, burning odor, or fluid ingress suggesting electrical hazard.
Pads cannot be secured and replaced, making operation unreliable.
Your protocol directs transition to another defibrillator platform (e.g., advanced manual defibrillator on arrival).

In addition, if the scene becomes unsafe (fire risk, electrical hazard, or structural danger), responders should prioritize their own safety and follow facility emergency procedures while continuing care only when it can be performed safely.

When to escalate to biomedical engineering or the manufacturer

Escalation triggers commonly include:

Failed self-test or “not ready” indicator during routine checks
Repeated pad contact errors across multiple pad sets
Any suspected battery compartment issue, corrosion, or fluid exposure
Post-event requirement for data download, inspection, and readiness restoration
Recall notices, software updates, or field safety corrective actions (process varies by manufacturer)

Operationally, build a closed-loop workflow: incident occurs → device is restocked/checked → readiness logged → device returned to service. Procurement teams should ensure service agreements and spare parts availability support this loop.

Many facilities also define escalation for “near misses,” such as:

A cabinet that could not be opened quickly
A device found with expired pads during a routine round
A prompt language mismatch that could confuse responders
Repeated false “check pads” prompts suggesting a connector wear issue

Capturing these issues before an actual arrest event is one of the strongest arguments for routine audits and structured feedback loops.

Infection control and cleaning of Automated external defibrillator AED

Automated external defibrillator AED is typically considered non-critical medical equipment (contacts intact skin via disposable pads). Cleaning and disinfection should be consistent with your infection prevention policy and the manufacturer’s compatibility guidance.

Even though pads are single-use, the AED and carry case can be handled by multiple responders and may be exposed to body fluids, glove contamination, or environmental dirt (especially in public-access deployments). Cleaning is therefore both an infection-control practice and a readiness practice.

Cleaning principles

Remove and discard single-use items (used electrode pads, gloves, wipes) in accordance with facility waste procedures.
Prevent fluid ingress: do not immerse the device; avoid excessive liquid near connectors and seams.
Use compatible agents: disinfectants can damage plastics, labels, or screens; always confirm approved products—varies by manufacturer.
Prioritize readiness: cleaning should restore the device to a ready state with in-date pads and a verified status indicator.

Facilities often include an additional principle: clean the cabinet and nearby surfaces if the event occurred in a public area, because bystanders may have touched the cabinet or assisted with retrieval.

Disinfection vs. sterilization (general)

Cleaning removes visible soil and reduces bioburden.
Disinfection uses chemical agents to inactivate many microorganisms on surfaces.
Sterilization is typically not applicable to the AED main unit; AEDs are not designed to be sterilized. Pads are single-use consumables and are not reprocessed.

High-touch points to address

Carry handle and outer casing
Lid, power/shock buttons, and navigation controls
Screen bezel and speaker area (avoid liquid pooling)
Pad connector area and cable exterior
Carry case exterior and zippers

If a wall cabinet is used, also consider:

Cabinet door handle and latch
Alarm switch area (if present)
Cabinet interior surfaces that may contact the case

Example cleaning workflow (non-brand-specific)

Don appropriate PPE per facility policy.
Power off the AED and disconnect/remove used consumables.
If soiled, wipe with a facility-approved detergent wipe first.
Disinfect external surfaces using an approved disinfectant wipe, observing required contact time.
Allow surfaces to air dry; avoid leaving residue on connectors or screens.
Inspect for cracks, sticky buttons, or label damage that could affect operation.
Install new in-date pads, verify battery status, and confirm readiness indicator.
Document cleaning and readiness restoration in the equipment log.

Where event data download is required, many facilities perform the download before returning the device to a public cabinet, to avoid a second removal cycle that could create a readiness gap.

Medical Device Companies & OEMs

Understanding who makes your Automated external defibrillator AED matters for quality management, regulatory compliance, serviceability, and total cost of ownership.

From a governance perspective, the “who” is not just branding. The legal manufacturer is responsible for safety and performance claims, post-market surveillance, and field safety actions. For biomedical engineering, this directly affects service documentation availability, parts supply, and how quickly issues are resolved.

Manufacturer vs. OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer)

A manufacturer (legal manufacturer) is the company responsible for the device design, regulatory submissions, labeling, and post-market surveillance.
An OEM may produce components (or an entire device platform) that another company sells under its own brand, or may manufacture to specification under contract.

In practice, some healthcare organizations purchase devices sold by a brand, while parts of the supply chain (batteries, pads, subassemblies, software modules) come from OEM partners.

How OEM relationships impact quality, support, and service

For procurement and biomedical engineering, OEM relationships can affect:

Consumable availability: electrode pads and batteries are model-specific; second-source options may be limited.
Service documentation: access to service manuals, test fixtures, and software may be restricted to authorized channels—varies by manufacturer.
Lifecycle stability: OEM changes can affect long-term spare part availability and backward compatibility.
Regulatory traceability: knowing the legal manufacturer helps with recalls, vigilance reporting, and UDI tracking.
Support model: training, technical support, and warranty terms may differ between direct manufacturer support and third-party service.

In addition, buyers often evaluate:

Local authorized service presence: whether in-country technicians can perform repairs or whether devices must be shipped abroad
Turnaround time and loaner availability: the ability to keep coverage during repair cycles
Consumable lead times: pads and batteries are frequently the true limiting factor during supply disruption, not the AED unit itself
Interoperability strategy: whether accessories can be standardized across sites or whether each department ends up with unique pad types

Top 5 World Best Medical Device Companies / Manufacturers

If you require a verified ranking, use your internal benchmarking and independent regulatory/market sources. The following are example industry leaders commonly associated with defibrillation, monitoring, and emergency care portfolios (positioning and availability vary by country):

Stryker (including Physio-Control branded history in some markets)
Stryker is widely recognized across multiple hospital equipment categories and has a notable presence in emergency care and resuscitation ecosystems. Depending on region, its defibrillation-related portfolio may be encountered in prehospital and hospital environments. Global footprint and support structure are typically aligned to large institutional buyers, with distribution and service models varying by country.
ZOLL Medical
ZOLL is commonly associated with defibrillation and resuscitation-focused medical equipment, including AEDs and advanced defibrillators in many regions. The company is generally known for emphasizing emergency response workflow and post-event data review features, though exact capabilities vary by model. Availability and service reach depend on local channels and regulatory approvals.
Philips
Philips has a broad healthcare technology portfolio and has been associated with Automated external defibrillator AED products in multiple markets. In many regions, Philips-branded devices are supported through established hospital procurement pathways and service networks. Specific product availability, support arrangements, and regional strategies vary and should be confirmed locally.
Nihon Kohden
Nihon Kohden is known for patient monitoring and defibrillation-related clinical devices, with a presence in hospitals and emergency care settings in various countries. Procurement teams often evaluate such vendors for integration into broader monitoring and clinical engineering workflows. Service and distribution models differ by region.
Mindray
Mindray is a global medical device company with a broad product portfolio that may include defibrillation and monitoring equipment depending on market authorization. The company is often considered in tenders where standardization across monitoring, consumables, and service support is a goal. Local availability, certifications, and after-sales support should be validated country by country.

When comparing manufacturers for AED programs, procurement teams commonly request clarity on:

Expected lifecycle and “end of support” policies
Consumable shelf-life, storage requirements, and replacement cost curves
Data access method (how event logs are retrieved and who can do it)
Warranty scope and exclusions (especially for public-access damage scenarios)
Options for pediatric readiness (pads vs attenuator) and how that affects stocking

Vendors, Suppliers, and Distributors

Buying an Automated external defibrillator AED is rarely just a one-time purchase. Most organizations rely on a network that supplies devices, consumables, spares, training, logistics, and service coordination.

In many tenders, the distributor’s operational maturity matters as much as the device brand. The best device can still become a weak link if pads are not delivered on time, service calls are slow, or warranty pathways are unclear.

Role differences: vendor vs. supplier vs. distributor

Vendor: a commercial entity that sells the device to the end user (may be a manufacturer, reseller, or tender-winning contractor).
Supplier: a party that provides goods (devices, pads, batteries, cabinets) and may bundle services such as training or installation.
Distributor: an organization that stocks products, manages importation/logistics, and often provides regional warranty handling and first-line technical support.

In regulated markets, buyers often prefer authorized distributors for traceability, warranty validity, and recall management.

Additional practical distinctions that matter in contracts include:

Service provider vs. reseller: some distributors sell devices but subcontract service, affecting response times and accountability.
Stocking vs. just-in-time ordering: an in-country stock position for pads and batteries can dramatically reduce downtime risk.
Training capability: whether the supplier provides certified trainers, training materials in local languages, and post-training competency records.

Top 5 World Best Vendors / Suppliers / Distributors

Verified “best” lists depend on country, tender performance, and authorized portfolios. The following are example global distributors known for broad healthcare distribution capabilities; whether they supply AEDs specifically varies by region and authorization:

McKesson
McKesson is a large healthcare supply and distribution organization in certain markets, often serving hospitals, health systems, and outpatient providers. Where applicable, such distributors may support procurement workflows with contract pricing, inventory management, and logistics services. Specific AED availability and service handling depend on local arrangements and product authorizations.
Cardinal Health
Cardinal Health is commonly recognized for broad medical supply chain services and distribution to institutional healthcare customers. For procurement teams, large distributors can offer standardized ordering, consolidated invoicing, and supply continuity planning. Product portfolio and geographic reach vary by country.
Medline
Medline is known for supplying a wide range of hospital consumables and medical equipment categories in multiple regions. Buyers may engage such suppliers for bundled supply agreements, warehousing, and private-label options in some categories. AED sourcing through these channels depends on local catalog offerings and authorization.
Henry Schein
Henry Schein is a well-known distributor in healthcare and dental supply chains in several markets, supporting clinics and ambulatory sites with procurement and logistics. For outpatient facilities, distributors with strong clinic coverage can be relevant for AED placement outside acute hospitals. Availability of specific AED brands varies by region.
Owens & Minor
Owens & Minor is associated with healthcare logistics and supply chain services in certain markets, serving hospitals and integrated delivery networks. Distributors of this type may support inventory programs, distribution to multiple sites, and supply continuity planning. Exact AED brand access and service scope vary by country and contract structure.

For contracting, buyers often add service-level requirements such as:

Maximum time to respond to “AED not ready” reports
Guaranteed consumable availability windows (pads/batteries)
Provision of loaner units during repair
Support for installation (cabinet mounting, signage placement) and initial fleet commissioning

Global Market Snapshot by Country

Below is a practical, procurement-oriented snapshot of how the market for Automated external defibrillator AED and related services often behaves across selected countries. These are high-level observations; local regulation, reimbursement, and tender structures can change quickly.

India

Demand is supported by expanding private hospital networks, growing emergency response awareness, and increasing interest in AED placement in public venues and corporate campuses. Many facilities rely on imported medical equipment, though local distribution and service capacity has strengthened in major metros. Urban access is significantly better than rural access, where training coverage and maintenance logistics can be limiting factors.

Procurement teams often weigh device durability and consumable lead times heavily, because multi-site hospital groups may need consistent pad and battery supply across states with different logistics realities.

China

China’s market is shaped by large-scale hospital infrastructure, domestic manufacturing capacity in broader medical equipment categories, and evolving emergency preparedness initiatives. Procurement pathways often involve structured tenders, and after-sales support can vary widely across provinces and city tiers. Rural deployment may face challenges around training consistency and service coverage.

Large buyers frequently prioritize standardization and local service coverage, as distance and volume can make repair turnaround times a significant operational variable.

United States

The United States has a mature AED ecosystem spanning hospitals, EMS, workplaces, schools, and public-access programs, supported by established training frameworks and service providers. Buyers often evaluate not only device price but also consumable cost, connectivity options, and compliance-ready maintenance documentation. Access is generally strong, though rural and remote areas still focus heavily on program logistics and response coordination.

In institutional settings, it is common to see AED programs integrated with resuscitation committees, safety departments, and formal quality review processes.

Indonesia

Indonesia’s archipelagic geography creates uneven access, with stronger adoption in major cities and private facilities than in remote regions. Procurement frequently depends on import channels and local distributors, with service quality tied to regional coverage. Demand is influenced by growth in private healthcare facilities and increasing attention to emergency readiness in high-traffic locations.

Multi-island distribution can make pad and battery resupply planning a central part of the total cost of ownership discussion.

Pakistan

Adoption is concentrated in larger urban hospitals and private clinics, while broader public-access deployment is less uniform. Imported devices are common, making consumable availability and lead times key procurement considerations. Service infrastructure can be variable, so buyers often prioritize supplier support, training availability, and spare parts continuity.

Facilities with constrained budgets may emphasize robust readiness checks to avoid “silent failures” caused by expired pads or depleted batteries.

Nigeria

Nigeria’s market reflects a mix of private-sector investment and public-sector constraints, with stronger availability in major cities than in rural regions. Import dependence is common, so pricing can be sensitive to currency fluctuations and logistics. Facilities often place high value on training support, durable designs, and reliable consumable supply.

Organizations frequently assess whether distributors can sustain consumable supply during shipping delays and whether service support is available outside major hubs.

Brazil

Brazil has significant healthcare demand across public and private systems, with procurement structures that can differ by state and institution type. Large urban centers typically have better access to devices, consumables, and service partners than rural areas. Buyers often focus on total cost of ownership, service contracts, and compliance with local regulatory requirements.

In larger networks, standardizing AED models can reduce training variability across regions and simplify pad/battery inventory management.

Bangladesh

Bangladesh shows increasing interest in emergency readiness in private hospitals and diagnostic centers, with adoption often strongest in urban areas. Import channels and distributor capability are central, particularly for batteries and pads. Training and standardized maintenance processes can be a limiting factor outside major metropolitan facilities.

Some buyers prioritize devices with straightforward readiness indicators to support consistent checks in busy outpatient settings.

Russia

Russia’s procurement environment can be shaped by institutional purchasing policies and supply chain complexity across a vast geography. Import dependence and product availability may vary depending on regulatory and trade conditions at the time of purchase. Service networks may be more robust in major cities, while remote regions require careful planning for maintenance and consumables.

Large geographic spread often makes planned preventive maintenance schedules and spare device coverage strategies more important than in compact regions.

Mexico

Mexico’s demand is driven by a mix of public healthcare institutions and a large private provider market. Urban centers typically have stronger distribution and service coverage, while rural areas may face access and training constraints. Procurement teams often focus on service response times, consumable availability, and alignment with local standards and institutional protocols.

In multi-site organizations, procurement may centralize device selection but require region-specific distribution plans to keep consumables available.

Ethiopia

Ethiopia’s market is influenced by expanding healthcare infrastructure and resource constraints that affect capital equipment budgets and service coverage. Import dependence is common, making distributor reliability and long-term consumable supply essential. Urban hospitals may have better access to training and maintenance than rural facilities.

Facilities may place particular value on simplified maintenance models and durable carrying cases for frequent movement between wards or sites.

Japan

Japan’s market is characterized by strong expectations for device quality, structured clinical governance, and established emergency preparedness culture. Buyers often emphasize reliability, documentation, and service responsiveness, with mature service ecosystems in many regions. Access is generally strong, though procurement decisions may be influenced by institutional standards and long-term lifecycle planning.

Organizations commonly expect high levels of traceability and consistent performance documentation across device fleets.

Philippines

The Philippines has a mixed public-private healthcare landscape, with AED availability and program maturity strongest in major urban areas. Import channels and distributor support are important for ensuring consumable availability across islands. Facilities often focus on training access, straightforward maintenance, and clear device readiness indicators.

Island geography can make it valuable to keep strategically placed spare pads and batteries and to formalize resupply triggers before stockouts occur.

Egypt

Egypt’s adoption is driven by growing private healthcare investment, large public hospital networks, and increasing focus on emergency response capabilities. Imported devices are common, and procurement teams frequently evaluate local service capacity and turnaround times. Urban areas tend to have better access to both devices and training than rural regions.

Large facilities may consider phased rollouts: initial deployment in high-risk/high-footfall zones followed by expansion as training coverage grows.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, infrastructure and supply chain variability strongly influence access to AEDs and related services. Import dependence and limited maintenance capacity can create gaps in readiness, especially outside major cities. Programs that succeed typically emphasize durable equipment selection, simplified upkeep, and robust training plans.

Procurement planning often needs to include contingency consumable stock and clear processes for transporting devices for service when local repair options are limited.

Vietnam

Vietnam’s healthcare market has been expanding, with rising demand in private hospitals and urban centers and growing attention to emergency preparedness. Import channels remain important, though local distribution networks are developing. Buyers often assess supplier training capability and the availability of consumables in secondary cities.

Facilities commonly prioritize consistent pad availability and the ability to scale training across new sites as hospital groups expand.

Iran

Iran’s market dynamics can be shaped by regulatory conditions, supply chain constraints, and local manufacturing or assembly capacity in some medical equipment segments. Procurement teams often prioritize long-term serviceability, consumables availability, and clear warranty pathways. Access and service infrastructure may be stronger in major cities than in rural areas.

Risk management strategies often include ensuring compatibility of consumables across the fleet to reduce dependency on single supply routes.

Turkey

Turkey has a sizable healthcare sector with modern hospital infrastructure in many urban areas and a growing private provider landscape. The market often includes both imported and locally supported medical equipment options, with distributor capability playing a key role in after-sales service. Rural coverage can be more variable, making service logistics part of procurement decisions.

Large private hospital groups may emphasize standardization and service-level agreements across multiple cities to keep readiness consistent.

Germany

Germany’s market is typically characterized by high expectations for regulatory compliance, structured biomedical engineering processes, and mature service networks. Procurement decisions commonly emphasize standards alignment, documentation, lifecycle management, and integration into hospital emergency response governance. Access is strong across urban and regional facilities, though program design still matters for readiness.

Buyers frequently scrutinize documentation, service traceability, and alignment with internal clinical engineering policies.

Thailand

Thailand’s demand is supported by a mix of public hospitals, private hospital groups, and medical tourism hubs in major cities. Import channels are important, and buyers often evaluate distributor service capability and training support across provinces. Urban access is generally stronger than rural access, where maintenance logistics and training coverage can be limiting.

In tourist-heavy areas, multilingual prompt considerations and clear signage can be practical procurement and deployment factors.

Key Takeaways and Practical Checklist for Automated external defibrillator AED

Treat Automated external defibrillator AED as a program, not just a purchase.
Standardize device models where possible to simplify training and consumables.
Map AED locations using a response-time and risk-based placement approach.
Use clear signage and ensure cabinets are visible and not blocked by furniture.
Assign ownership for each device (department owner and backup owner).
Check readiness indicators on a defined schedule and document every check.
Track pad expiration dates and rotate stock before it expires.
Track battery condition, replacement dates, and storage requirements.
Keep one spare pad set and battery strategy aligned to manufacturer guidance.
Confirm pediatric readiness if your facility scope includes pediatric patients.
Use only approved pads and batteries for the specific device model.
Ensure accessory kits remain complete after drills and real events.
Run scenario drills that match real staffing patterns, including nights/weekends.
Train non-clinical responders if they are part of first-response workflows.
Include security and facilities teams in AED access and crowd-control planning.
Minimize motion during rhythm analysis to reduce artifact and delays.
Enforce a disciplined “clear the patient” process before shock delivery.
Manage oxygen and other ignition risks per facility fire safety protocols.
Dry the chest and ensure strong pad adhesion to reduce impedance issues.
Avoid placing pads over obvious implanted device bulges when possible.
Avoid pad placement over transdermal patches; follow training and protocols.
Plan for multilingual prompts or training aids if your workforce is diverse.
Include AED readiness in broader emergency preparedness audits.
After every use, remove the device from service until restocked and checked.
Download and review event data for quality improvement when available.
Protect patient data and follow privacy rules for stored/transmitted event logs.
Coordinate AED connectivity features with IT and cybersecurity policies.
Define preventive maintenance tasks and intervals with biomedical engineering.
Keep a documented process for software/firmware updates and version control.
Maintain traceability for recalls using device IDs and procurement records.
Prefer authorized channels when warranty support and recall handling matter.
Evaluate total cost of ownership, including pads, batteries, and service labor.
Verify service response times and parts availability in your geography.
Confirm environmental storage limits for temperature and humidity.
Avoid storing AEDs in areas prone to theft, water ingress, or vibration damage.
Use tamper-evident seals only if they do not delay access in emergencies.
Ensure the AED cabinet alarm does not create barriers to timely retrieval.
Standardize post-event documentation fields (times, shocks, device messages).
Include AED checks in handover routines for clinical areas with high turnover.
Audit out-of-service tagging practices to prevent accidental redeployment.
Keep a backup AED plan for construction, renovations, and event overflow.
Validate that training content matches the exact device prompts in use.
Clarify responsibilities between vendor service and in-house biomedical teams.
Confirm that cleaning agents are compatible with device plastics and labels.
Clean and disinfect the AED after use without allowing fluid ingress.
Replace any cracked casing, damaged connectors, or sticky buttons promptly.
Include AED governance in resuscitation committee oversight structures.
Use standardized checklists to reduce variability across departments and sites.
Align procurement specs with local regulations, certifications, and labeling.
Document everything: checks, corrective actions, training, and service tickets.

Additional practical actions that many mature programs adopt:

Perform periodic “walk time” tests to verify real retrieval time from high-risk locations, not just map distance.
Keep a documented plan for device end-of-life replacement so coverage is not lost when models are discontinued.
Standardize labeling on the device and cabinet (asset ID, department owner, check frequency) to reduce confusion.
Define who is responsible for event data download and how long records are retained under your privacy policy.
Ensure drills include cabinet alarm activation and handover to the arriving resuscitation team, not only pad placement.

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